Melting Ice/Snow

If you live in an area with a cold and icy winter, you have probably experienced salt on sidewalks and roads, used to melt the ice and snow and keep it from refreezing. Salt is also used to make homemade ice cream. In both cases, the salt works by lowering the melting or freezing point of water. The effect is termed 'freezing point depression'.

How Freezing Point Depression Works

When you add salt to water, you introduce dissolved foreign particles into the water. The freezing point of water becomes lower as more particles are added until the point where the salt stops dissolving. For a solution of table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in water, this temperature is -21°C (-6°F) under controlled lab conditions. In the real world, on a real sidewalk, sodium chloride can melt ice only down to about -9°C (15°F).

Colligative Properties

Freezing point depression is a colligative property of water. A colligative property is one which depends on the number of particles in a substance. All liquid solvents with dissolved particles (solutes) demonstrate colligative properties. Other colligative properties include boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure.

More Particles Mean More Melting Power

Sodium chloride isn't the only salt used for de-icing, nor is it necessarily the best choice. Sodium chloride dissolves into two types of particles: one sodium ion and one chloride ion per sodium chloride 'molecule'. A compound that yields more ions into a water solution would lower the freezing point of water more than salt. For example, calcium chloride (CaCl₂) dissolves into three ions (one of calcium and two of chloride) and lowers the freezing point of water more than sodium chloride. Here are some other de-icing compounds:

Chemicals Used to Melt Ice

Name	Formula	Lowest Practical Temp	Pros	Cons
Ammonium sulfate	(NH4)2SO4	-7°C (20°F)	Fertilizer	Damages concrete
Calcium chloride	CaCl2	-29°C (-20°F)	Melts ice faster than sodium chloride	Attracts moisture, surfaces slippery below -18°C (0°F)
Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA)	Calcium carbonate CaCO3, magnesium carbonate MgCO3, and acetic acid CH3COOH	-9°C (15°F)	Safest for concrete & vegetation	Works better to prevent re-icing than as ice remover
Magnesium chloride	MgCl2	-15°C (5°F)	Melts ice faster than sodium chloride	Attracts moisture
Potassium acetate	CH3COOK	-9°C (15°F)	Biodegradable	Corrosive
Potassium chloride	KCl	-7°C (20°F)	Fertilizer	Damages concrete
Sodium chloride (rock salt, halite)	NaCl	-9°C (15°F)	Keeps sidewalks dry	Corrosive, damages concrete & vegetation
Urea	NH2CONH2	-7°C (20°F)	Fertilizer	Agricultural grade is corrosive